別讓肥料變毒藥!未處理畜禽糞便正悄悄傷害你的土地與餐桌

未經處理的畜禽糞便雖富含養分,但長期使用恐導致土壤鹽化、重金屬累積與農產品污染,威脅環境與食安。專家呼籲落實處理與監測,避免天然資源變成環境災難。

長期以來,畜禽糞便一直被認為是農業中寶貴的資源,它提供了一種天然的必需養分和有機質來源,可以提高土壤肥力和結構。這種做法支持植物生長,並通過養分循環利用,有助於建立更可持續的農業系統。然而,施用未經處理的畜禽糞便會帶來一系列潛在的危害,這些危害會對土壤健康、農業生產力和環境質量產生負面影響。這些擔憂導致人們對糞便管理實踐的審查日益嚴格,並且越來越多的研究調查與在作物生產中使用未經處理的動物廢棄物相關的風險。本報告將深入探討三個主要的關注領域:土壤鹽鹼化的機制和後果、重金屬在農田土壤中的累積,以及農產品可能受到病原體、抗生素殘留和重金屬污染的可能性,所有這些都源於使用未經處理的畜禽糞便作為肥料。本分析將基於對學術研究和可信網站的審查,並遵守特定的排除條款,以確保信息的科學性和相關性。

未經處理的畜禽糞便對土壤鹽度的影響

導致土壤鹽度增加的機制

畜禽糞便本身含有大量的可溶性鹽 1。研究表明,這些鹽的濃度因動物種類而異 2。例如,研究表明,與豬糞相比,雞糞和鴿糞往往具有更高的總可溶性鹽 (TSS) 水平 2。這種初始鹽含量的差異表明,糞便來源的畜禽種類在土壤鹽鹼化的潛力中起著至關重要的作用。動物飼料的成分,包括為提高風味和維持日糧中陽離子-陰離子平衡而添加的鹽,直接影響其糞便中的鹽含量 2。因此,動物飼養方式的任何變化都會對所產生的糞便的鹽度水平產生後續影響。

此外,糞便中有機物的分解會將無機離子釋放到土壤中,從而增加土壤的總體鹽度。這些離子包括主要的成分,如鈉 (Na+)、鉀 (K+)、鎂 (Mg2+) 和氯 (Cl−) 1。值得注意的是,研究發現,在施用糞便的表層土壤中,鉀 (K+) 可能成為主要的陽離子 1,尤其是在施用家禽糞便的土壤中 4。這種離子平衡的轉變可能會影響土壤中其他必需養分的有效性,並且還可能對某些對高濃度特定離子敏感的植物種類產生直接的毒害作用。不同類型糞便中這些釋放離子的相對比例將影響土壤鹽度的具體離子組成,這會根據植物對單個離子的耐受性以不同的方式影響植物健康 2

對土壤特性的影響

研究一致表明,施用未經處理的畜禽糞便會增加土壤的電導率 (EC) 1。EC 是土壤中鹽濃度的直接量度,而 EC 水平升高則表明鹽度增加。研究已證明,隨著時間的推移,糞便的累積施用量與由此導致的土壤 EC 升高之間存在明顯的相關性 1。這種劑量反應關係表明,較高的未經處理的糞便施用率很可能導致更高的土壤鹽度水平。糞便中可溶性鹽在土壤溶液中的積累會提高土壤的滲透勢,即使土壤看起來有足夠的濕度,也會使植物根系更難吸收水分 1

此外,施用未經處理的糞便會擾亂土壤中的離子平衡,導致鈉吸附比 (SAR) 和鉀吸附比 (PAR) 升高 1。SAR 升高在富含黏土的土壤中尤其令人擔憂,因為它會導致土壤顆粒分散,從而降低土壤的滲透性和結構退化 7。鈉離子濃度升高會將其他必需陽離子(如鈣和鎂)從土壤的交換位點上置換出來,從而影響植物的養分有效性 6。糞便處理過的表層土壤中鉀離子的優勢 1 會進一步加劇這種不平衡。

未經處理的糞便對土壤 pH 的影響可能因情況而異 1。雖然某些類型的糞便(如家禽糞便)往往會提高土壤 pH 18,但另一些(如豬糞)則被觀察到會導致 pH 下降 1。這些土壤 pH 的變化非常重要,因為它們會影響糞便和土壤本身中存在的必需植物養分和重金屬污染物的溶解度和有效性 20。因此,了解所用糞便的類型及其對土壤 pH 的潛在影響對於管理整體土壤健康至關重要。

對植物生長和水分有效性的影響

未經處理的糞便施用導致的土壤鹽度增加會導致植物產生滲透脅迫現象 1。土壤溶液中高濃度的鹽會降低水分潛力,即使土壤看起來有足夠的濕度,也會使植物根系更難吸收水分。這種生理性乾旱脅迫會嚴重影響植物的生長和發育。值得注意的是,不同的作物對土壤鹽度的耐受程度各不相同 5。例如,胡蘿蔔和菠菜對鹽度增加特別敏感,即使在相對較低的鹽濃度下也可能出現顯著的產量下降 5。這種鹽耐受性的差異突顯了在主要使用未經處理的糞便作為肥料的農業系統中,仔細選擇作物的必要性。

除了滲透脅迫外,高鹽度還會直接導致植物的離子毒害 1。當鈉和氯等特定離子過量存在時,會對植物組織產生毒害作用,導致出現葉片灼傷、枯萎,最終導致植物死亡等可見症狀。此外,土壤鹽度升高會干擾植物從土壤中吸收必需養分的能力 1。研究表明,鹽度會特別阻礙氮的吸收,而氮是植物發育和總體產量的關鍵養分 28。由於高鹽濃度導致土壤中滲透勢增加,從而降低了土壤和植物根系之間的水分潛力梯度,不僅限制了水分的吸收,也限制了溶解養分向植物的運輸。

土壤類型和氣候的影響

糞便引起的鹽鹼化影響也受到土壤類型的顯著影響。砂質土壤的緩衝能力較低,因此在施用未經處理的糞便後,特別容易迅速增加鹽度 7。其粗糙的質地和有限的保水保肥能力意味著糞便中的鹽分會在根部區域迅速積累,導致植物受到脅迫。

氣候在調節糞便帶來的鹽分影響方面起著關鍵作用,降雨模式是關鍵因素。在乾旱和半乾旱氣候地區,降雨量低,沒有足夠的水將糞便中積累的鹽分淋洗出土壤剖面 1。這種缺乏淋洗導致鹽分在表層土壤中濃縮,進一步加劇了鹽鹼化問題。此外,乾旱氣候常見的高蒸發蒸騰速率通過將水分向上吸入土壤剖面並在表面留下鹽分,加劇了這個問題 1

相反,濕潤氣候地區降雨充足,可能會發生淋洗作用,雨水有助於將根部區域積累的鹽分沖走。雖然這可以減輕土壤鹽鹼化的風險,但也為這些可溶性鹽分滲入地下水提供了潛在途徑,引起了人們對水質的擔憂 1。此外,灌溉方式會與糞便引起的鹽鹼化相互作用。研究表明,與灌溉條件相比,非灌溉條件下施用糞便後土壤 EC 的升高幅度通常更大 1,這可能是因為灌溉水有助於將鹽分移動到更深的土壤剖面。雖然一些研究表明,糞便與其他特定的管理技術(如塑料薄膜覆蓋)相結合,可以在特定的環境(如新開墾的沿海土壤)中發揮降低土壤鹽度的作用 1,但這通常是在受控條件下進行的,而不是單獨使用未經處理的糞便時常見的現象。

未經處理的畜禽糞便導致土壤中重金屬的累積

糞便中重金屬的來源

畜禽糞便中常見重金屬,主要原因是飼料中含有這些重金屬 19。為了促進生長、改善整體健康和預防疾病,通常會在動物日糧中添加微量礦物質,如銅 (Cu)、鋅 (Zn)、砷 (As) 和鉻 (Cr) 38。這些補充礦物質在動物消化系統中的生物利用度通常有限,這意味著攝入的大部分重金屬不會被吸收,而是隨後通過糞便排出 47。這種低效的吸收導致這些元素在糞便中積累,當未經處理的糞便作為肥料施用於農田時,會構成潛在的環境風險。

除了飼料添加劑外,其他人為來源也會導致糞便中的重金屬含量。獸醫治療,例如在奶牛場使用硫酸銅溶液進行足浴以預防感染,會導致產生的糞便中銅含量升高 46。此外,雖然飼料添加劑是主要來源,但重金屬也會通過食用因工業活動、採礦或其他來源造成的環境污染而受到污染的飼料和水進入動物日糧 51

重金屬的種類及其在土壤中潛在的累積

研究已在畜禽糞便中檢測到多種重金屬,包括必需的微量元素和被認為是有毒污染物的元素。常見的例子包括鎘 (Cd)、鉛 (Pb)、砷 (As)、銅 (Cu)、鋅 (Zn)、鉻 (Cr)、鎳 (Ni) 和汞 (Hg) 19。研究一致表明,持續和重複施用未經處理的畜禽糞便,尤其是來自家禽和豬的糞便,會導致這些重金屬在農田土壤中隨著時間的推移顯著累積 40。這種積累的發生是因為通過糞便施用輸入的重金屬通常超過了通過植物吸收、淋洗或其他過程從土壤中去除的速度。積累的速度可能因所用糞便的類型、施用量和所涉及的特定重金屬等因素而異 40

重金屬在環境中的一個關鍵方面是它們的不可生物降解性,這意味著它們不會分解成危害較小的物質,並且可以在土壤中持續存在很長時間,通常長達數十年 40。糞便和土壤中重金屬的化學形態或形態是決定其環境風險的關鍵因素 19。金屬的化學結合方式影響其遷移性、生物有效性(生物體可以吸收的程度)和總體毒性。例如,土壤中以可交換或吸附形式存在的重金屬通常更容易被植物吸收,並且比緊密結合在土壤礦物結構中的殘留部分的金屬更容易受到淋洗的影響。有趣的是,堆肥糞便的過程可以改變某些重金屬的形態,從而可能降低其生物有效性 46。此外,土壤的 pH 值和有機質含量在控制施用糞便的土壤中重金屬的溶解度和植物吸收方面起著重要作用 21。通常,較低的土壤 pH 值往往會增加大多數重金屬的溶解度和遷移性,使其更容易被植物吸收並淋洗到水資源中。相反,土壤中較高的有機質含量可以與重金屬結合,從而可能降低其溶解度和生物有效性。

對土壤健康和環境的影響

由於施用未經處理的畜禽糞便,重金屬在農田土壤中的累積會對整體土壤健康產生若干不利影響。這些金屬會對土壤微生物群落的多樣性和活性產生負面影響,而土壤微生物群落對於維持健康的土壤生態系統和促進關鍵過程(如養分循環和有機物分解)至關重要 20。具體而言,重金屬會干擾土壤微生物體內必需酶的功能,從而擾亂關鍵的生物地球化學循環 38。這種擾亂會導致養分有效性的不平衡和有機物分解速率的降低,最終影響土壤肥力。

另一個令人擔憂的重大問題是,這些積累的重金屬可能從施用糞便的土壤中淋洗到地下水資源中 46。這種淋洗會污染飲用水源,並對人類和生態健康構成風險,因為即使在低濃度下長期暴露於重金屬也可能產生毒性。最後,正如後續章節將更詳細討論的那樣,積累在土壤中的重金屬可以被農作物吸收,導致糧食作物受到污染,並可能將這些有毒物質引入人類食物鏈。

未經處理的畜禽糞便導致農產品污染

病原體污染

未經處理的畜禽糞便可能是多種人類病原體的顯著來源,包括各種細菌,如大腸桿菌 O157:H7、沙門氏菌屬、單核細胞增生李斯特菌和彎曲桿菌屬,以及病毒和寄生蟲 75。這些有害微生物可以在糞便本身以及施用糞便的土壤中存活很長時間 77,造成持續的污染風險。這些病原體傳播到農作物的方式有多種,包括糞便與植物可食用部分的直接接觸、灌溉或降雨期間受污染的土壤濺到作物上、使用被糞便徑流污染的灌溉水,以及攜帶糞便中病原體的塵埃顆粒沉積在植物表面 77

食用被這些糞便傳播的病原體污染的生或未煮熟的農產品會導致嚴重的人類健康風險,導致食源性疾病 76。這些疾病的範圍從輕微的胃腸道症狀(如發燒、腹瀉、噁心和腹痛)到更嚴重的疾病,包括腎功能衰竭,在某些情況下甚至可能導致死亡。某些類型的作物在使用未經處理的糞便時被認為具有更高的病原體污染風險。葉類蔬菜和根莖類蔬菜,其可食用部分靠近或生長在土壤中,尤其容易受到直接接觸和濺污污染 24。病原體污染的風險還受到未經處理的糞便施用與作物收穫之間的時間間隔以及糞便的具體施用方法等因素的影響 76

抗生素殘留污染

由於抗生素在畜牧生產中被廣泛用於治療和預防目的,導致其糞便中存在抗生素殘留 94。這些殘留物通常以原始形式或活性代謝物的形式排泄在糞便中,可以在施用未經處理的糞便的土壤中持續存在不同的時間,具體取決於特定的抗生素化合物、土壤的特性和主要的環境條件 94

越來越多的研究表明,在被糞便中抗生素殘留物污染的土壤中生長的農作物可以將這些化合物吸收到其組織中 94。這種吸收的程度可能因存在的抗生素類型、種植的植物種類以及土壤中抗生素的濃度而有顯著差異 98。研究已在施用糞便的土壤中生長的蘿蔔、生菜和香菜等蔬菜中檢測到各種抗生素的存在,包括四環素類、泰樂菌素和磺胺類。較小的抗生素分子比大的抗生素分子更容易被植物吸收,抗生素的特定化學性質也會影響其被植物吸收和轉運的能力。

食用含有這些抗生素殘留物的農作物對人類健康的潛在風險尚未完全了解,但它們引起了人們的嚴重關注 94。這些擔憂包括對特定抗生素敏感的個體可能發生過敏反應。更重要的是,即使是低水平的抗生素殘留物出現在食物鏈中,也被認為會加劇日益嚴重的全球性抗生素耐藥性問題。暴露於這些殘留物可能會對人體腸道中的細菌產生選擇壓力,從而可能導致抗生素耐藥菌株的產生和傳播,這可能會對未來細菌感染的治療產生嚴重影響。

農產品的重金屬污染

如前所述,未經處理的畜禽糞便可能是重金屬的來源,這些重金屬在重複施用後會在土壤中積累。然後,在受污染的土壤中生長的農作物可以吸收這些積累的重金屬 21。植物吸收這些重金屬的程度取決於多種因素,包括重金屬的具體類型、種植的植物種類以及土壤的特性,如 pH 值和有機質含量 21。例如,研究表明,鉛往往更多地積累在植物的根部,而鎘可能更容易轉運到莖部。與其他類型的農產品相比,葉類蔬菜和根莖類蔬菜通常更容易積累某些重金屬。

食用含有高濃度重金屬的農產品對人類健康構成重大風險 23。這些金屬會在人體內隨著時間的推移而積累,導致慢性健康問題。具體的健康影響取決於重金屬的類型,但可能包括神經系統疾病、腎臟損害、發育問題以及某些癌症的風險增加。鎘和鉛由於其已知的高毒性和在食物鏈中生物累積的能力而尤其令人擔憂 23

不當管理的未經處理的糞便的環境影響

水污染

未經妥善管理的未經處理的畜禽糞便的施用會導致水資源的嚴重污染。特別是氮和磷等養分從施用未經處理的糞便的農田徑流是地表水污染的主要途徑 70。在降雨或融雪事件期間,這些過量的養分會從田地中被帶走,流入附近的溪流、河流和湖泊。這種養分富集的主要後果是富營養化,即藻類過度生長的過程 70。隨後這些藻類生物量的分解導致水中溶解氧的嚴重消耗,產生缺氧條件,或稱“死亡地帶”,對魚類和其他水生生物有害或致命。特別是磷是富營養化的重要因素,並且會隨著時間的推移在土壤中積累,增加徑流的風險 70。通常,糞便的施用量是根據作物的氮需求量確定的,這可能導致磷的過量施用,進一步加劇這個問題 72

未經處理的糞便中存在的病原體也會污染地表水和地下水 70。來自田地和動物圈養區的徑流會將這些致病微生物帶入溪流和湖泊,直接威脅飲用水源和娛樂用水。病原體通過土壤剖面的滲透也會污染地下含水層,而地下含水層是許多社區的飲用水來源。此外,未經處理的糞便中的重金屬和抗生素殘留物通過類似途徑污染水資源的可能性也引起了人們對長期生態和人類健康影響的擔憂 46

空氣污染

未經妥善管理的未經處理的糞便也是空氣污染的重要來源。糞便的分解會向大氣中釋放氨氣 (NH3) 70。這種氨的揮發不僅代表著本可用於植物的寶貴氮素的損失,而且還會導致空氣污染,並可能導致酸雨和有害顆粒物 (PM2.5) 的形成 75。當糞便留在土壤表面且未迅速混入土壤時,氨的排放量尤其高 75

此外,糞便管理措施還會導致強效溫室氣體(即甲烷 (CH4) 和一氧化二氮 (N2O))的排放 70。甲烷是在糞便中有機物的厭氧分解過程中產生的,這種過程在液態糞便儲存系統(如糞便塘)中尤其普遍 71。另一方面,一氧化二氮是在糞便施用於農田後,糞便中存在的氮釋放出來的 71。甲烷和一氧化二氮的全球變暖潛能值都遠高於二氧化碳,因此它們從糞便管理中的排放是氣候變化的重要因素。

最後,動物飼養場和未經處理的糞便的儲存也會導致氣味化合物和顆粒物釋放到空氣中 70。這些排放會對附近社區的空氣質量產生負面影響,導致居民的投訴,並可能引起呼吸系統健康問題。

對土壤健康和生物多樣性的影響

由於施用未經處理的畜禽糞便導致土壤中鹽分過度積累,會對整體土壤健康產生不利影響 1。高鹽濃度會破壞土壤結構,降低水分滲透速率,並對有益的土壤微生物的種群和活動產生負面影響,最終導致土壤肥力下降。在嚴重鹽鹼化的地區,可能只適合耐鹽植物生長,導致植物群落的整體生物多樣性降低 11

同樣,未經處理的糞便中重金屬在土壤中的積累會對廣泛的土壤生物(包括細菌、真菌和無脊椎動物)產生毒害作用,而這些生物在維持土壤健康和養分循環方面起著關鍵作用 19。這種毒性會導致土壤生物的數量和多樣性減少,進一步導致土壤質量和生產力下降。最後,糞便處理過的土壤中抗生素殘留物的存在會導致土壤微生物群落中抗生素耐藥性細菌的選擇和繁殖 94。這種土壤環境中抗生素耐藥性的發展具有更廣泛的生態影響,並可能加劇環境和臨床環境中抗生素耐藥性的總體挑戰。

安全處理和利用畜禽糞便的最佳實踐

推薦的糞便處理方法

為減輕使用畜禽糞便作為肥料的相關風險,建議採用幾種處理方法。堆肥是一種廣泛認可且有效的糞便處理方法 31。適當的堆肥包括在規定的時間內維持特定的溫度範圍,這有效地降低了病原體的水平並殺死了雜草種子。它還有助於穩定糞便中的養分,使其更容易被植物吸收並減少養分徑流的風險。在 131°F 至 170°F 之間保持幾天的溫度,同時定期翻堆,對於有效滅活病原體至關重要 79

厭氧消化是另一種有益的糞便處理技術 58。此過程涉及在缺氧條件下分解有機物,不僅降低了糞便中的病原體含量,還產生沼氣,這是一種可再生能源,可用於供暖或發電。剩餘的消化物是一種富含養分的物質,可用作肥料。厭氧消化還具有減少糞便管理中溫室氣體排放(尤其是甲烷)的額外好處。其他處理方法,如固液分離,可用於分別管理糞便流的不同組分,從而更精準地利用固體(例如,用於動物墊料)和富含養分的液體(例如,作為肥料) 58

適當的糞便施用率指南

確定將糞便施用於農田的適當速率對於最大限度地發揮其效益,同時最大限度地減少環境風險至關重要。糞便施用應始終基於所種植作物的具體養分需求和定期土壤測試的結果 1。過量施用糞便會導致養分(尤其是磷)的過量施用,從而產生負面的環境後果,例如水污染 72。由於作物通常需要比磷更多的氮,因此施用糞便以滿足氮需求通常會導致土壤中磷過量。

還必須限制糞便的施用量,以避免土壤中鹽分過度積累,尤其是在已知對鹽度敏感的土壤以及乾旱或半乾旱氣候地區 1。一些指南建議,為防止鹽分相關問題,家庭花園中糞便的施用量每年不超過一英寸 137。為進一步減少環境影響,建議在施用後儘快將糞便混入土壤中。這種做法有助於減少氨向大氣的揮發,並最大限度地減少養分徑流到地表水的風險 75

定期進行土壤和糞便檢測的重要性

定期檢測土壤和糞便對於安全有效地管理糞便至關重要。土壤檢測使農民和園丁能夠監測土壤中必需養分的含量、pH 值和鹽度 9。這些信息對於做出關於施用多少糞便以及是否需要補充肥料以滿足所種植作物的特定養分需求的明智決策至關重要。

同樣,強烈建議對畜禽糞便進行檢測,以確定其精確的養分含量,以及鹽分和可能存在的任何有害重金屬的含量 14。糞便的養分組成因動物種類、其日糧以及糞便的儲存和處理方式而異。了解糞便的具體組成對於準確的養分管理計劃以及評估與鹽分或重金屬污染相關的任何潛在風險至關重要。

遵守未經處理的糞便的收穫前間隔期

為最大限度地減少糧食作物中病原體污染的風險,施用未經處理的畜禽糞便時,務必遵守建議的收穫前間隔期 76。對於可食用部分不與土壤直接接觸的作物(如番茄、辣椒),通常建議在施用糞便與收穫之間至少等待 90 天。對於可食用部分與土壤接觸的作物(如根莖類蔬菜、葉類蔬菜、草莓),通常建議等待更長的時間,至少 120 天。這些等待期允許土壤中潛在有害病原體的含量降低到更安全的水平。這些指南對於有機生產系統和確保供人類食用的新鮮農產品的安全尤其重要。

結論

使用未經處理的畜禽糞便作為肥料,雖然在提供養分方面具有潛在的益處,但也存在必須仔細考慮和管理的重大風險。本報告重點介紹了與土壤鹽鹼化、重金屬累積以及農產品受到病原體、抗生素殘留和重金屬污染相關的危害,所有這些都源於施用未經處理的動物廢棄物。這些問題不僅對土壤健康和農業生產力構成威脅,而且還具有嚴重的環境影響,包括水和空氣資源的污染,並可能通過食用受污染的食物和水對人類健康產生負面影響。

為減輕這些風險並促進更可持續的農業實踐,必須採取糞便處理、處理和施用的最佳管理實踐。堆肥和厭氧消化等方法為減少糞便中的病原體和穩定養分提供了有效途徑。根據作物的具體養分需求和定期土壤及糞便檢測的結果,遵守適當的施用率對於防止養分和鹽分的過量施用至關重要。此外,尊重未經處理的糞便施用於糧食作物的建議收穫前間隔期對於最大限度地減少病原體污染的風險和確保食品安全至關重要。

在糞便管理領域持續進行研究和教育對於進一步完善我們對未經處理的糞便相關風險的理解,以及開發和推廣安全且有益的利用策略至關重要。通過實施這些最佳實踐,我們可以在長期保護環境和人類健康的同時,利用畜禽糞便中存在的寶貴資源。

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