環保新知

一粒肥料的氣候代價：比飛機還兇的碳足跡真相

Posted on by Yes-Sun

化學肥料從生產到施用的每一步，都隱藏驚人的能源消耗與碳排放，氨合成更佔全球能源的2%、碳排放更勝航運與航空總和。若不改變施肥方式，農田將成為氣候危機的沉默推手。

化學肥料生產與施用之碳排放與能源消耗概述

化學肥料在現代農業生產中扮演著至關重要的角色，為作物提供必需的養分，以維持並提高糧食產量。這些肥料主要包含氮、磷、鉀等巨量元素，以及其他微量元素，對於確保全球糧食安全做出了巨大貢獻 1。然而，化學肥料的生產、運輸和施用過程，同時也對環境造成顯著影響，尤其是在碳排放和能源消耗方面。本報告旨在深入分析化學肥料從原料開採到最終施用於農田的整個生命週期中所涉及的碳排放與能源消耗，從而全面評估其環境足跡。

報告將涵蓋化學肥料生命週期的各個關鍵階段，包括原料的開採與處理、不同種類化學肥料（如氮肥、磷肥和鉀肥）的製造過程、肥料的運輸與配送，以及最終在農田中的施用。透過對每個階段的能源投入和溫室氣體排放進行詳細分析，本報告旨在揭示化學肥料生產和使用在全球溫室氣體排放和能源消耗中的重要性。研究指出，肥料產業的碳排放量在全球溫室氣體排放中佔據相當比例，甚至超過了全球航空和航運的總排放量 2。因此，深入理解化學肥料的生命週期碳排放，對於制定有效的減排策略至關重要。

化學肥料的製造過程與能源消耗

化學肥料的製造是一個複雜且能源密集的過程，不同種類的肥料由於其化學組成和生產工藝的差異，在能源消耗方面也存在顯著的區別。

氮肥

  • 氨合成 (Haber-Bosch 製程) 氨是生產大多數氮肥的核心中間體，其合成主要依賴於 Haber-Bosch 製程。該製程涉及在高溫（400-500°C）和高壓（150-300 bar）條件下，使用鐵基催化劑將大氣中的氮氣與氫氣反應生成氨 4。氫氣的主要來源通常是天然氣，透過蒸汽甲烷重整等方式獲得 4。天然氣不僅作為氫氣的原料，也是提供製程所需熱能的主要來源，佔氨生產成本的 70-90% 4。高溫高壓的反應條件是 Haber-Bosch 製程能源消耗巨大的主要原因 4。催化劑的應用雖然降低了反應的活化能，但仍無法完全消除對高能量輸入的需求 6。現代化的氨生產廠平均每生產一噸氮需要消耗約 29.7 百萬 BTU 的能量 7，遠高於理論最低能耗 5。氨合成的能源消耗約佔全球總能源消耗的 2% 4。
  • 其他氮肥生產 氨作為中間體，可進一步加工生產尿素、硝酸銨等多種其他氮肥 7。將氨升級為這些最終產品需要額外的能源投入。例如，生產一噸尿素需要約 35.9 百萬 BTU 的能量，而生產尿素硝酸銨溶液則需要約 31.4 百萬 BTU 的能量 7。這些能源消耗量高於最初的氨合成過程，顯示了氮肥生產鏈中顯著的能源投資。
  • 磷肥 磷肥的生產始於磷酸鹽礦的開採與處理 22。開採後的磷酸鹽礦經過一系列的破碎、篩選和濃縮等物理處理，以提高磷的含量。隨後，磷酸鹽礦主要通過濕法工藝生產磷酸，這是製造大多數磷肥（如磷酸二銨和過磷酸鈣）的關鍵步驟 22。濕法工藝相較於熱法工藝，由於其較低的能源需求而更為常用 25。磷肥的能源消耗估計約為每磅五氧化二磷 5,600 BTU 27，雖然低於氮肥，但由於其龐大的生產量，仍然是農業部門能源消耗的重要組成部分。
  • 鉀肥 鉀肥的生產主要涉及鉀礦的開採與處理 28。鉀礦通常以氯化鉀（KCl）和硫酸鉀（K2SO4）等形式存在。開採方法包括傳統的地下開採和溶液開採，其中溶液開採通常需要更多的能源用於蒸汽產生和泵送 33。鉀肥的能源消耗估計約為每磅氧化鉀 4,700 BTU 27，是三種主要大量元素肥料中最低的。加拿大作為主要的鉀肥生產國，其鉀肥生產的溫室氣體排放強度低於全球平均水平 35。

化學肥料製造過程的碳排放

化學肥料的生產過程不僅消耗大量能源，同時也產生顯著的碳排放，對氣候變遷構成威脅。

  • 氨合成的直接與間接碳排放 氨合成是化學肥料生產中碳排放的主要來源之一。該過程直接排放二氧化碳作為副產品 5，同時，由於大量依賴天然氣和電力等化石能源，也產生了顯著的間接碳排放 5。據估計，氨合成在全球二氧化碳排放量中佔比約為 1-2%，與全球航空業的排放量相當 4。因此，實現氨生產過程的脫碳對於降低肥料的碳足跡至關重要。
  • 其他化學肥料生產的碳排放 其他化學肥料的生產也涉及碳排放。尿素和硝酸銨等氮肥的生產，雖然以氨為原料，但其轉化過程同樣會產生碳排放。磷肥的生產，估計每噸排放約 1.7 噸二氧化碳當量 43，而鉀肥的碳排放量相對較低，約為每噸 0.6 噸二氧化碳當量 43。生產技術和能源結構的選擇對這些排放水平有顯著影響。

化學肥料的運輸與能源消耗

化學肥料從生產工廠到農田的運輸過程也消耗能源並產生碳排放。

  • 從生產工廠到農田的運輸方式 化學肥料通常透過火車、卡車和輪船等多種方式從生產工廠運輸到農田。運輸方式的選擇取決於運輸距離、肥料的數量和地理位置等因素。

運輸過程的能源消耗與碳排放 不同運輸方式的能源效率存在顯著差異 28。火車和輪船通常在長距離運輸方面更具能源效率，而卡車則更適用於短距離的配送。運輸距離的長短直接影響總體的能源消耗和碳排放量 28。儘管如此，肥料運輸僅佔合成氮肥總生命週期排放量的一小部分，估計約為 2.6% 48。

農田施用化學肥料的能源消耗

化學肥料在農田的施用也需要消耗能源。

  • 農業機械的使用 施肥過程主要依賴農業機械，如拖拉機和施肥機等。這些機械通常以柴油為燃料。
  • 施肥過程的能源需求 不同的施肥方法，如撒施、條施和葉面噴施，其能源效率可能有所不同。精準農業技術的發展，例如變量施肥技術，有潛力根據作物的實際需求精確施用肥料，從而減少不必要的能源消耗 47。

化學肥料的生命週期評估

生命週期評估（LCA）提供了一個全面的框架，用於評估化學肥料從原料開採到最終施用的整個過程中的環境影響。

  • 從原料開採到最終施用的整體碳足跡 LCA 研究顯示，氮肥由於其高能源需求的生產過程和在農田中釋放的強效溫室氣體一氧化二氮，通常具有最高的碳足跡。磷肥和鉀肥的碳足跡相對較低。總體而言，化學肥料生命週期中碳排放的主要熱點通常在於生產階段和使用階段。
  • 不同種類化學肥料的生命週期評估數據 不同種類的氮肥、磷肥和鉀肥在 LCA 中表現出不同的碳足跡 50。這些差異主要歸因於其生產過程的能源強度和溫室氣體排放特性。

不同種類化學肥料的典型施用量與能源消耗、碳排放量化

不同種類化學肥料的典型施用量因作物種類、土壤條件和養分需求而異 49。基於這些施用量數據，結合前述的能源消耗和碳排放因子，可以量化不同化學肥料在實際應用情境中的能源消耗和碳排放。例如，尿素的典型施用量會影響其總體的能源消耗和一氧化二氮排放量。

結論與建議

本報告分析了化學肥料從製造到施用的全生命週期碳排放與能源消耗。主要發現包括氨合成的高能源強度和碳排放，以及氮肥在農田中釋放的一氧化二氮對全球暖化的潛在影響。

為減少化學肥料的碳足跡和能源消耗，建議採取以下措施：

  • 提高生產效率和採用低碳生產技術：開發和推廣更節能的氨合成技術，並採用可再生能源作為生產過程的能源來源 2。
  • 優化肥料使用，減少過量施用：根據土壤測試和作物需求精確施用肥料，避免過量使用，從而減少能源浪費和溫室氣體排放 2。
  • 推廣緩釋肥料和硝化抑制劑的使用：緩釋肥料可以更有效地將養分釋放給作物，減少養分流失和一氧化二氮排放。硝化抑制劑可以減緩土壤中硝化作用的速度，從而減少一氧化二氮的產生 [2, S_S139, S_S154, S_S172, S_S232, S_S315, S_S317, S_S322, 207, 210, 216, 2。
  • 改善肥料運輸和儲存效率：優化運輸路線和方式，減少運輸過程中的能源消耗和損耗。
  • 推動農業中的精準施肥技術：利用遙感、地理資訊系統等技術，實現肥料的精確施用，提高養分利用率，減少能源消耗和環境影響 [47, 49。
  • 鼓勵使用有機肥料和綠肥作為補充或替代方案：有機肥料和綠肥的生產過程通常比化學肥料更節能，且有助於改善土壤健康 59。

政策制定者應制定相關法規和激勵措施，鼓勵採用更可持續的肥料生產和管理方法。農業生產者應積極採納精準施肥技術和最佳管理實踐，提高肥料利用效率，減少對環境的影響。研究人員應持續探索和開發低碳肥料生產技術和更有效的施肥策略，以應對氣候變遷和糧食安全挑戰。

引用的著作

  1. Environmental Impacts of Fertilizer use in Food Production – AgroFides, Inc, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://agrofides.com/posts/environmental-impacts-of-fertilizer-use-in-food-production
  2. Carbon emissions from fertilisers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/carbon-emissions-from-fertilisers-could-be-reduced-by-as-much-as-80-by-2050
  3. What’s Wrong with Fossil Fuel–Based Fertilizer? | Union of Concerned Scientists, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/whats-wrong-fossil-fuel-based-fertilizer
  4. Haber-Bosch Process – Stanford University, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2022/ph240/jimenez2/?ref=ambrook
  5. Haber-Bosch Process – Stanford University, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2024/ph240/bailey1/
  6. Haber process – Wikipedia, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process
  7. Energy Conservation in Corn Nitrogen Fertilization – ISU Extension Store, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Energy-Conservation-in-Corn-Nitrogen-Fertilization-Farm-Energy-PDF
  8. New Report: Natural Gas Critical to Agriculture Sector, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.aga.org/news/news-releases/new-report-natural-gas-critical-to-agriculture-sector/
  9. Power to Ammonia – Gasoline synthesis from H2 and N2 by using water electrolysis and Air Separation, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://ease-storage.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2018.08_TVAC_WG1_TD-Power-to-Ammonia.pdf
  10. large.stanford.edu, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2024/ph240/bailey1/#:~:text=%5B1%5D%20These%20high%20temperature%20and,EJ%2C%20calculated%20at%20ambient%20conditions.
  11. A big step toward ‘green’ ammonia and a ‘greener’ fertilizer – ScienceDaily, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/01/230111131509.htm
  12. The industrialization of the Haber-Bosch process | C&EN Global Enterprise, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-10126-cover2
  13. store.extension.iastate.edu, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Energy-Conservation-in-Corn-Nitrogen-Fertilization-Farm-Energy-PDF#:~:text=Due%20to%20the%20consumption%20of,N%20(Kongshaug%20and%20Jenssen).
  14. Round-trip Efficiency of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Transportation Media, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://ammoniaenergy.org/articles/round-trip-efficiency-of-ammonia-as-a-renewable-energy-transportation-media/
  15. Panel discussion on next-generation ammonia synthesis, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://ammoniaenergy.org/articles/panel-discussion-on-next-generation-ammonia-synthesis/
  16. Sustainable Ammonia Production Processes – Frontiers, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2021.580808/full
  17. royalsociety.org, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/green-ammonia/green-ammonia-policy-briefing.pdf
  18. Ammonia Production Processes from Energy and Emissions Perspectives: A Technical Brief | C-THRU, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.c-thru.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Ammonia-Technical-Brief-June2022.pdf
  19. From green ammonia to lower-carbon foods – McKinsey & Company, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/from-green-ammonia-to-lower-carbon-foods
  20. From fuel to fertilizer, how green ammonia could help curb emissions – The World Economic Forum, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/11/green-ammonia-climate-change-energy-transition/
  21. Low-carbon ammonia production gaining traction as countries aim to cut carbon footprint | S&P Global, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/blog/agriculture/053123-fertecon-ammonia-australia-india-china
  22. Energy Demand of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Based Fertilizers and Approaches to Circularity – ACS Publications, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02627
  23. Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Phosphate Fertilizer Manufacturing, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2000/2007-phosphate-fertilizer-ehs-guidelines-en.pdf
  24. History of Phosphate Fertilizer Production, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://fipr.floridapoly.edu/about-us/phosphate-primer/history-of-phosphate-fertilizer-production.php
  25. A more sustainable way to generate phosphorus – MIT Department of Chemistry, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://chemistry.mit.edu/chemistry-news/a-more-sustainable-way-to-generate-phosphorus/
  26. Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Phosphate Fertilisers. – ResearchGate, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Greenhouse-Gas-Emission-Factors-for-Phosphate-Fertilisers_tbl4_235704822
  27. Energy-use efficiency of organic and conventional plant production systems in Germany, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10799894/
  28. Energy-Efficient Use of Fertilizer and Other Nutrients in Agriculture, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://farm-energy.extension.org/energy-efficient-use-of-fertilizer-and-other-nutrients-in-agriculture/
  29. Assessing the energy load and environmental footprint of potash fertilizer production in Iran, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39509375/
  30. Assessing the energy load and environmental footprint of potash fertilizer production in Iran, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11542807/
  31. Energy Used for Fertilizers – AgEcon Search, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/243896/
  32. Harvesting energy – Fertilizers Europe, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.fertilizerseurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FertilizersEurope-Harvesting_energy-V_2.pdf
  33. era.library.ualberta.ca, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/94af642f-b70b-4fbb-af36-5be47b870288/view/fd211268-7381-4120-af73-c33a6d8038a4/Katta_Anil_K_201907_MSc.pdf
  34. Development of disaggregated energy use and greenhouse gas emission footprints in Canada’s iron, gold, and potash mining sectors | Request PDF – ResearchGate, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338307661_Development_of_disaggregated_energy_use_and_greenhouse_gas_emission_footprints_in_Canada’s_iron_gold_and_potash_mining_sectors
  35. fertilizercanada.ca, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://fertilizercanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Technology-Roadmap-Study-Final.pdf
  36. More than the art of potash hot leaching | K+S Aktiengesellschaft – Kpluss.com, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.kpluss.com/en-us/newsroom/press-releases/more-than-the-art-of-potash-hot-leaching/
  37. Addressing potash’s carbon challenge: How heat exchange technology offers a pragmatic approach to decarobinization – Solex Thermal Science, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.solexthermal.com/media/articles/addressing-potash-carbon-challenge
  38. Performance Evaluation of Heading-and-Winning Machines in the Conditions of Potash Mines – MDPI, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/8/3444
  39. Advanced Technologies of Potash Fertiliser Production from Promising Raw Materials, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://openchemicalengineeringjournal.com/VOLUME/18/ELOCATOR/e18741231330310/FULLTEXT/
  40. ENERGY USE IN US AGRICULTURE: AN OVERVIEW Greta Raser and Madeline Silecchia, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://farmandenergyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Energy-Use-in-Agriculture.pdf
  41. large.stanford.edu, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2024/ph240/bailey1/#:~:text=In%20summary%2C%20the%20Haber%2DBosch,a%20large%20demand%20for%20ammonia.
  42. Techno-environmental assessment of small-scale Haber-Bosch and plasma-assisted ammonia supply chains – PubMed, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35240177/
  43. Understand your synthetic fertilizer emissions for carbon regulations – CarbonChain, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.carbonchain.com/blog/understand-your-synthetic-fertilizer-emissions
  44. Estimating energy consumption and GHG emissions in the U.S. food supply chain for net-zero – PMC, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11802779/
  45. Fertilizer consumption and energy input for 16 crops in the United States, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70192503
  46. Fertilizer Consumption and Energy Input for 16 Crops in the United States – ResearchGate, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264350545_Fertilizer_Consumption_and_Energy_Input_for_16_Crops_in_the_United_States
  47. Energy Consumption for Row Crop Production – ISU Extension Store – Iowa State University, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Energy-consumption-for-row-crop-production-Farm-Energy-PDF
  48. Greenhouse gas emissions from global production and use of nitrogen synthetic fertilisers in agriculture – PubMed, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36008570/
  49. Fertilizing a Garden – Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://agrilifeextension.tamu.edu/library/gardening/fertilizing/
  50. www.international-agrophysics.org, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Life-cycle-assessment-of-fertilizers-a-review,104055,0,2.html#:~:text=Life%20cycle%20assessment%20has%20become,and%20their%20final%20storage%20(the%20′
  51. Life cycle assessment of fertilizers: a review – Biblioteka Nauki, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24121
  52. Life cycle assessment of fertilizers: a review – International Agrophysics, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Life-cycle-assessment-of-fertilizers-a-review,104055,0,2.html
  53. Life Cycle Assessment of Nitrate and Compound Fertilizers Production—A Case Study, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/1/148
  54. Life Cycle Assessment on Agricultural Production: A Mini Review on Methodology, Application, and Challenges – PMC, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9408002/
  55. Lawn Fertilizer Calculator – MU Extension, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， http://agebb.missouri.edu/fertcalc/
  56. Understanding Fertilizers – Colorado Master Gardener, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://cmg.extension.colostate.edu/Gardennotes/232.pdf
  57. Information On Fertilizer Content: Understanding Fertilizer Rates And Applications – Gardening Know How, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/fertilizer-rates-and-applications.htm
  58. Energy Efficiency in Fertilizer Production and Use – SSWM.info, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/GELLINGS%20et%20al%202004%20Energy%20Efficiency%20in%20Fertiliser%20Production.pdf
  59. Organic Fertilizer Quality Testing-CTI, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.cti-cert.com/en/service/3259/5322.html
  60. Quality Control of Organic Fertilizers, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.yz-mac.com/solution/quality-control-of-organic-fertilizers/
  61. Effectiveness of Organic Fertilizer for Sustainable Environment : A Review – CABI Digital Library, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20220128754
  62. Quantifying the Impact of Organic Fertilizers on Soil Quality under Varied Irrigation Water Sources – MDPI, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/20/3618
  63. Effects of organic fertilizer incorporation practices on crops yield, soil quality, and soil fauna feeding activity in the wheat-maize rotation system – Frontiers, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1058071/full
  64. Organic Fertilizers Market Size, Share, Growth Report, 2030 – Grand View Research, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/organic-fertilizers-market-report
  65. Production of Organic Fertilizer Compost Fermentation, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://togocomposter.com/production-of-organic-fertilizer-compost-fermentation/
  66. Case Study: Organic vs. Conventional Farming – A Comparative Analysis – Humic Factory, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.humicfactory.com/case-study-organic-vs-conventional-farming%E2%80%93a-comparative-analysis
  67. How to Make Organic Fertilizer From Cow Dung and Urine?, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.abcmach.com/feed-mill-machine/how-to-make-organic-fertilizer-from-cow-dung.html
  68. Organic Fertilizer Market Size & Growth Analysis By 2034 – Fact.MR, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.factmr.com/report/organic-fertilizer-market
  69. Commercial Organic Fertilizer Production| Composting & Granulation – Fertilizer Machinery, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://fertilizer-machinery.com/solution/commercial-organic-fertilizer-production.html
  70. Worldwide Most Widely-Used Organic Fertilizer Production Process, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://fertilizer-machine.net/solution_and_market/organic-fertilizer-production-process.html
  71. Feasibility Analysis on the Establishment of New Organic Fertilizer Plant in The US, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://organicfertilizermachine.com/eco-solutions/feasibility-analysis-of-establishing-organic-fertilizer-plant-in-us
  72. Organic Fertilizer Market Size & Share Analysis – Industry Research Report – Growth Trends, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/global-organic-fertilizer-market
  73. Using organic fertilizers to increase crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality in a temperate farmland – PubMed Central, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7443080/
  74. 5 Factors that Affecting Organic Fertilizers Quality, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://fertilizer-machinery.com/solution/quality-control-of-organic-fertilizer.html
  75. Is Organic Production Economically Feasible? – ResearchGate, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_Organic_Production_Economically_Feasible
  76. LO6: Quality control of biofertilizers – Bio-FIT, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://bio-fit.eu/q8/lo6-quality-control-of-biofertilizers?showall=1
  77. UREA: A Case Study on Identifying Organic Fertilizer, Nutrients based on Color Characteristics Using Random Forest Algorithm for – IRE Journals, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1705902.pdf
  78. Organic fertilizer production process | Powdery & granular organic fertilizer – Organic fertilizer production equipment/plant, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.organicfertilizerplants.com/organic-fertilizer-production-process/
  79. Suståne All-Natural and Organic Fertilizer Quality Control – Suståne …, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.sustane.com/overview/sustane-quality-control
  80. Innovative Organic Fertilizers and Cover Crops: Perspectives for Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change and Organic Agriculture – MDPI, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2871
  81. Effects of organic fertilizers on plant growth and the rhizosphere microbiome – PMC, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10880660/
  82. North America Organic Fertilizers Market Size, Share [2032], 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/north-america-organic-fertilizers-market-109411
  83. Organic Vs. Synthetic Fertilizer: Pros, Cons, And Which To Use – EOS Data Analytics, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://eos.com/blog/organic-vs-synthetic-fertilizers/
  84. Advanced & Latest Organic Fertilizer & Compound Fertilizer Technology – Fertilizer Machines, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.fertilizer-machines.com/solution/fertilizer-technology
  85. Organic Fertilizer Use To Decrease Production Costs – The Farming Insider, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://thefarminginsider.com/organic-fertilizer-production-costs/
  86. AnchoisFert: A New Organic Fertilizer from Fish Processing Waste for Sustainable Agriculture – PMC – PubMed Central, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9121761/
  87. Organic Fertilizers Market Projected to Reach US$15.7 Billion by 2030, Fueled by Sustainable Agriculture Trends – GlobeNewswire, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/13/2996824/28124/en/Organic-Fertilizers-Market-Projected-to-Reach-US-15-7-Billion-by-2030-Fueled-by-Sustainable-Agriculture-Trends.html
  88. Bio-Organic Fertilizer Market Outlook 2025-2030, with – GlobeNewswire, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/02/12/3024953/28124/en/Bio-Organic-Fertilizer-Market-Outlook-2025-2030-with-Profiles-of-Rizobacter-Lallemand-BioIntelligence-Technologies-Agrinos-Ingress-Bio-NatureSafe-Coromandel-BioStar-Renewables-More.html
  89. Organic fertilizer – Wikipedia, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_fertilizer
  90. Organic Fertilizers – Cooperative Extension – The University of Arizona, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/attachment/OrganicFertilizers.pdf
  91. Liquid fertilizer production from organic waste by conventional and microwave-assisted extraction technologies: Techno-economic and environmental assessment – PubMed, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34653470/
  92. Effects of Organic Fertilizers on the Soil Microorganisms Responsible for N2O Emissions: A Review – PMC, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8147359/
  93. The Best Organic Fertilizers to Double Your Harvest – Eartheasy, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://learn.eartheasy.com/guides/the-best-organic-fertilizers-to-double-your-harvest/
  94. Organic Fertilizers And Their Benefits For Crops – EOS Data Analytics, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://eos.com/blog/organic-fertilizers/
  95. Organic Fertilizers Market Size, Share | Industry Report, 2032, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/organic-fertilizers-market-A14536
  96. CASE STUDY: Organic fertilizers – Landlab, a research and development company., 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://landlab.net/2019/10/24/case-study-organic-fertilizers/
  97. Next Generation Fertilizers | Innovative Organic Fertilizers – ICL Group, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.icl-group.com/innovation/open-innovation/special-fertilizers/
  98. Here’s the scoop on chemical and organic fertilizers | OSU …, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://extension.oregonstate.edu/news/heres-scoop-chemical-organic-fertilizers
  99. Closing the Nutrient Loop Through an Innovative Organic Fertilizer Technology Field Tested for Corn – University of Vermont, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.uvm.edu/d10-files/documents/2024-08/Fact_Sheet_ConservationTech_1_Corn.pdf
  100. Which is better the organic fertilizer or the chemical fertilizer? – ResearchGate, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.researchgate.net/post/Which_is_better_the_organic_fertilizer_or_the_chemical_fertilizer
  101. Feasibility of Replacing Chemical Fertilizer by Organic Fertilizer in Maize (Zea mays L.) Production in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://journalijpss.com/index.php/IJPSS/article/view/1014
  102. MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS USED FOR PRODUCE PRODUCTION – Clemson OPEN, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://open.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2123&context=all_theses
  103. From Waste to Organic Fertilizer | Case Studies – EMRO – Effective Microorganisms -, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.emrojapan.com/case/detail/167
  104. Sustainable Horticulture: Advancements and Challenges in Organic Fertilizer Applications, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389770593_Sustainable_Horticulture_Advancements_and_Challenges_in_Organic_Fertilizer_Applications
  105. United States Organic Fertilizer Market Size & Share Analysis – Mordor Intelligence, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/us-organic-fertilizers-market
  106. Full article: Nitrous oxide emission factors for fertiliser ammonium …, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288233.2023.2277916
  107. Making the most of manure: 4 case studies of sustainability success, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.worldeggorganisation.com/resource/making-the-most-of-manure-4-case-studies-of-sustainability-success/
  108. Analysis of fertilizer use behavior by organic farmers: A case study in java and bali, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.1201/9781003295952-65/analysis-fertilizer-use-behavior-organic-farmers-case-study-java-bali-katili
  109. bio-fertilizers, 100% vegetable and ecological for organic agriculture – Ficosterra, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.ficosterra.com/en/case-studies/
  110. Developing climate-friendly farming practices to reduce nitrous …, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://landgrantimpacts.org/developing-climate-friendly-farming-practices-to-reduce-nitrous-oxide-emissions/
  111. Climate-smart ag strategies may cut nitrous oxide emissions from corn production, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/climate-smart-ag-strategies-may-cut-nitrous-oxide-emissions-corn-production
  112. Organic Fertilizer Case Studies, 檢索日期：3月 31, 2025， https://talborne.co.za/organic-fertilizer-case-studies/



Yes-Sun

發佈留言

發佈留言必須填寫的電子郵件地址不會公開。 必填欄位標示為 *